Science & Tech : Table of Contents
Science & Tech, why important.
We know that the todays we are totally depend on technology. also human mostly bound with technology. the new inventions known to civil servants.
also there where a space mission to explore space, we know various conflict held around the world that threaten the security of country so we know about the defense mechanism…
The new threat for society is that Cyber Froud & Cyber Attacks, as an civil servant we have some basic knowledge about it.
Science & Tech Strategy
The beginners start science study from basics that is from state board books or NCERT Books which mention below. then you can refer any standard source book. mostly science & tech question are current affair oriented.
| Phase | Focus | Resource |
| Phase 1 | Foundation (NCERTs/Basics) | Class 6–10 Science Books |
| Phase 2 | Current Context | Science Reporter / Down To Earth |
| Phase 3 | Application & Ethics | Sunday Hindu Newspapers |
Key topic that can not be ignore.
Biotechnology
- Genome Editing: CRISPR-Cas9 applications and the ethics of “Designer Babies.”
- Vaccine Platforms: mRNA technology and viral vector vaccines.
- Bio-informatics: Using Big Data to map diseases (Genome India Project).
Space & Defence Technology
- Space Economy: Privatization of space (SpaceX, Skyroot) and Space debris management (Kessler Syndrome).
- Deep Space Missions: Lunar gateways, Mars colonization plans, and James Webb updates.
- Defence: Hypersonic missiles, S-400 systems, and UAVs (Drones) in modern warfare.
Energy
- Green Hydrogen: Electrolysis processes and India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission.
- Nuclear Tech: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and Thorium-based cycles.
- Nanotechnology: Applications in targeted drug delivery and carbon nanotubes.
Information Technology
- Web 3.0 & Beyond: Evolution from centralized platforms to decentralized identity.
- AI & Robotics: Generative AI (LLMs), Computer Vision, and Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).
- Quantum Computing: Basic principles (Qubits) and its threat to current encryption
Digital Infrastructure
All digital initiative of government we must know.
Health & Bio-Innovation
Genetic engineering (Genome sequencing), Probiotics, and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). *
| Category | Examples of PYQs (2020–2025) |
| Emerging Tech | Questions on Web 3.0, SaaS (Software as a Service), Majorana 1 chips, and the difference between Deep Learning and Machine Learning. |
| Green Energy | Questions on Green Hydrogen, Coal Gasification, and the components of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries (Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel). |
| Biotech & Health | Questions on CRISPR-Cas9, mRNA vaccines vs. Vector-based vaccines, and Monoclonal Antibodies. |
| Space Tech | Questions on James Webb Telescope, Gagan Navigation, and specific missions like Cassini-Huygens or Messenger. |
Intellectual Property Rights
| Type of IPR | Primary Law in India | Protection Term | Focus |
| Patents | Patents Act, 1970 | 20 Years | Green Tech incentives & AI-assisted inventions. |
| Copyrights | Copyright Act, 1957 | Life + 60 Years | AI ownership & Blockchain-based royalty tracking. |
| Trademarks | Trade Marks Act, 1999 | 10 Years (Renewable) | Protection in the Metaverse/Digital spaces. |
| Geographical Ind. (GI) | GI of Goods Act, 1999 | 10 Years (Renewable) | Protecting traditional handlooms (e.g., Banarasi Silk). |
| Industrial Designs | Designs Act, 2000 | 10-15 Years | Aesthetic “look & feel” of smart gadgets. |
| Plant Varieties | PPV & FR Act, 2001 | 15-18 Years | Climate-resilient seeds & Farmers’ rights. |
| Trade Secrets | No specific act* | Indefinite | Protecting proprietary algorithms and “Secret Formulas.” |
Renewable Energy
Nano Technology and GMR Technology
In 2026, Nanotechnology is no longer a “future science”—it is an industrial reality. The fear of this subject often comes from its “invisibility.” To master it for your 2026 blog or syllabus, you simply need to understand that size changes behavior. When materials are reduced to the nanoscale ($1$ to $100$ nanometers), they stop following classical physics and start following Quantum Mechanics.
Scientific and Technological Developments
Ex.The “Quantum” Jump
Quantum Sensing: Applications in high-precision magnetic field imaging for medicine and mining. *
National Quantum Mission (India): Focus on the development of 64-qubit processors and Quantum Security-as-a-Service (QSaaS).
Post-Quantum Cryptography: How we are preparing to protect data once quantum computers can “break” current encryption.
Recent Developments
All recent development also ask by the UPSC